Thermodynamics Without EntropyThermodynamics is the study of very complex systems and so is the foundation for all applied physical sciences. The standard theory is predicated on two assumptions: that entropy is maximum in equilibrium (the Second Law of Thermodynamics) and that fluctuations mimic average flow behavior (Onsager reciprocal relations). Both of these assumptions are shown to be invalid, which is why standard theory remains semi empirical after 170 years. Why rely on